Separate, and Unequal

Harper's plan to expand the number of seats in the House addresses a serious injustice.

Prime Minister Stephen Harper recently announced that the number of seats in the House of Commons will be expanded through legislation, increasing the number of members of Parliament from Ontario, British Columbia, and Alberta. This legislation will help rectify an unfair allocation of seats that has disadvantaged Canada’s fastest-growing provinces for many years, and it deserves the support of all Canadians.

Some politicians around the country have objected to the allocation of these new seats, on the grounds that it will dilute the influence of their own provinces. Quebec Premier Jean Charest, for example, has been a prominent opponent of the government’s plan. Objections of this narrowly self-interested sort are disappointing given that the government’s legislation will help redress an imbalance in representation that has caused votes in some provinces to have less weight than votes in others.

For example, MPs in Saskatchewan currently represent, on average, approximately 75,000 residents. In Alberta, British Columbia, and Ontario, the average MP represents more than 124,000 residents. This is a gross violation of the “representation-by-population” principle, which holds that each province’s share of the seats in the lower house should be similar to its share of the country’s population. Under the current rules, a vote in Saskatchewan is worth approximately 40 per cent more than the national average, and over 50 percent more than a vote in any of the three underrepresented provinces.

Saskatchewan is not an outlier. Residents of Manitoba and all four Atlantic provinces are significantly overrepresented in the House of Commons in relation to their populations. Consider the fact that the combined population of these provinces is almost identical to the population of Alberta, yet Alberta has only 28 seats in the House of Commons, while these five provinces have a total of 46.

The current arrangements seem particularly unfair considering that visible minorities and new Canadians are disproportionately located in the major urban centres of Ontario, British Columbia, and Alberta. Of course, these groups are represented in all provinces, but their heavy concentration in the underrepresented provinces means visible minorities and new Canadians are particularly likely to be among those whose votes carry the least weight. An unintended consequence of the current system is that the votes of visible minorities and immigrants, on average, count for less than the votes of Canadians who are not members of these groups.

Canada’s flagrant violations of the representation-by-population principle are anomalous by international standards. In a recent study, the Toronto-based Mowat Centre for Policy Innovation compared patterns of representation in national legislatures in five federal democratic countries. Of the five, the analysts found that Canada stood out as “the worst violator of the rep-by-pop principle.” In fact, of the 113 sub-national jurisdictions that they examined in those five countries, the Mowat researchers found that Ontario, British Columbia, and Alberta ranked first, third, and fifth, respectively, in terms of underrepresentation.

Constitutional rules, and some unique elements of the geographical distribution of Canada’s population, mean that perfect representation-by-population may be impossible. Prince Edward Island and the territories, for example, will probably be overrepresented for a long time, due to their small populations. These sorts of small compromises are acceptable to most Canadians. However, there is no justification for the present situation that disadvantages specific provinces so severely.

A foundational principle of our democracy is that all voters should have a roughly equal level of influence. The current allocation of seats in the House of Commons violates this principle, disadvantaging Canada’s fastest growing provinces. All Canadians benefit, in the long term, from a fair system of representation that adapts to demographic change. Canadians from sea-to-sea should therefore applaud the government’s decision to expand the number of parliamentary seats in Ontario, British Columbia, and Alberta to more accurately reflect their populations.

Origin
Source: The Mark